T his article describes how to divide clocks by 1.5， 2.5， and by 3， and 5 with a 50% duty-cycle output. Dividing an incoming clock frequency by any integer number is trivial， and division by any even number always generates a 50% duty cycle output. However， sometimes it is necessary to generate a 50% duty cycle frequency that is not an even integer sub-multiple of the source clock. These circuits are useful in XC4000-family and Spartan-family devices， where they are simple and efficient， and both cheaper and faster than any external phase-locked-loop alternative. Virtex devices do not need to use these tricks because they can implement these and many other functions in either of their four dedicated delay-locked-loop circuits， if the incoming clock rate is higher than 25 MHz. How They Work Each circuit assumes a 50/50 duty cycle of the incoming clock， otherwise the fractional divider output will jitter， and the integer divider will have unequal duty cycle. All four circuits use combinatorial feedback around a look-up table， which works perfectly and is glitch-free， but may cause your circuit simulator to fail. These circuits have a look-up table input driven from the clock signal， with minimal skew between the A and B inputs. The chosen vertical clock line must， therefore， also have access to a LUT input. This is best achieved by coding the design as a Hard Macro. Divide by 1.5 in One CLB. This circuit divides the clock by 1.5， generating 60 MHz from a 90 MHz input for example （Figure1）。 The two flip-flops form a ÷3 circuit， and the G and H look-up tables together generate two output periods at the H output. The first output pulse is driven by the A flip-flop， the second output pulse is derived from the B flipflop， but is delayed half an incoming clock cycle. The output stays Low while the clock is High， and stays High， after B has gone Low， until the clock goes Low again. It is this latch circuit that may cause simulator problems. by Peter Alfke， Xilinx Applications Eng