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區(qū)分幸運(yùn)還是努力

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（英文文章在中文文章之后）

安妮·杜克獲得了 NSF的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)讀研究所學(xué)「認(rèn)知心理學(xué)」。拿到碩士學(xué)位后，她原來(lái)打算在學(xué)校找一個(gè)職位，但由于胃病沒(méi)有辦法去應(yīng)征。她在醫(yī)院住了將近一年。

當(dāng)她在生病待在醫(yī)院的時(shí)候，她決定試試手氣，通過(guò)玩撲克牌來(lái)賺錢(qián)。這讓他可以消磨時(shí)間，呆到下一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)招聘季(學(xué)校招聘新人都有固時(shí)間)。然而，這一試卻讓她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己懂得玩撲克牌真正的訣竅。于是，她決定成為一名撲克牌職業(yè)選手。2 0 0 4年, 她贏得了自己的第一個(gè)世界撲克手鐲大賽冠軍，同年，她贏得了 2 0 0萬(wàn)美元的贏者者通吃的 WSOP 冠軍大賽。而在 2 0 1 0年，她獲得了 NBC 全國(guó)撲克牌錦標(biāo)賽的冠軍，在最后一個(gè)項(xiàng)目上更擊敗了他的導(dǎo)師埃里克?塞德?tīng)枴?/p>

安妮?杜克出版了一本書(shū)「在賭注中思考；當(dāng)你沒(méi)有事實(shí)依據(jù)的時(shí)候做出更明智的決定」，這本書(shū)描述她如何在(賭局)不確定的情況下做出決定。

她認(rèn)為；我們的生活更像是玩撲克牌而不是在玩象棋。我們通常需要在有限的信息下做出決定：

「工作和搬家的決定是賭局。銷售談判和合約都是賭局。買(mǎi)房是一種賭局。點(diǎn)雞肉而不是牛排是一種賭局。一切都是賭局?！?/p>

當(dāng)然, 我們都想努力做出好的決定，但有時(shí)，即使我們做了一個(gè)糟糕的決定，我們也可能會(huì)得到一個(gè)好的結(jié)果。當(dāng)然，情況也發(fā)生了相反的情況?？紤]到我們能掌握的事實(shí)，我們做出了正確的決定，但一些沒(méi)有想到的事情卻發(fā)生了，讓我們的決定變得糟糕。

有很多人把他們的成功歸因于努力工作而不是運(yùn)氣。盡管許多有錢(qián)的商人公開(kāi)聲稱他們的成功是運(yùn)氣造成的， 但這是為了顯得謙虛，而不是真的謙虛。在他們的心中，其實(shí)，他們相信自己的成功是由于他們的努力。也許他們確實(shí)很努力，但他們往往忽視了運(yùn)氣往往是至關(guān)重要的因素。然而，安妮?杜克在她的書(shū)中說(shuō)；運(yùn)氣永遠(yuǎn)是一個(gè)因素，不管我們是否承認(rèn)：

「在賭局中思考首先要認(rèn)識(shí)到，決定我們生活結(jié)果的因素正好有兩點(diǎn)：我們決策的質(zhì)量和運(yùn)氣。學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到兩者的區(qū)別, 才能理解賭局思維中全部意義所在。」

當(dāng)我們得到一個(gè)好的結(jié)果時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該區(qū)分這個(gè)好的結(jié)果，是由于我們做出了好的決定還是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)氣。如果我們不正確地區(qū)分運(yùn)氣和好的決策，我們很可能會(huì)誤解為什么我們的成功是因?yàn)槲覀兊呐ΑＲ虼?，我們不?huì)從這個(gè)成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)中學(xué)到任何有用的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這很可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)我們今后的決定。不能分別運(yùn)氣和決策質(zhì)量是一個(gè)很大的危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)槲覀儫o(wú)法從中學(xué)會(huì)任何事，所以我們要強(qiáng)迫自己去審視我們的成功是否因?yàn)檫\(yùn)氣，還是我們的努力。

當(dāng)然，就像成功可能是由于好運(yùn)一樣，失敗也可能是運(yùn)氣不好造成的。但我們自然會(huì)尋找失敗的理由來(lái)自我辯護(hù)，所以這通常不是問(wèn)題。因此，這就是為什么我說(shuō)；我們應(yīng)該強(qiáng)迫自己審視我們的成功，看看這些成功的哪一部分是由于我們的努力造成的，還是由于運(yùn)氣造成的。就我個(gè)人而言；我認(rèn)為假設(shè)我們成功的有運(yùn)氣的成分，這是很好的。在做這樣的分析時(shí)，這是一個(gè)很好的工作假設(shè)或起點(diǎn)。也就是說(shuō)；問(wèn)題不在于是這個(gè)結(jié)果否涉及運(yùn)氣，而在于涉及多少運(yùn)氣。

出處: 安妮?杜克，「在賭注中思考；當(dāng)你沒(méi)有事實(shí)依據(jù)的時(shí)候做出更明智的決定」。Annie Duke, Thinking in Bets: Making Smarter Decisions When You Don’t Have All the Facts.

Distinguishing Between Effort and Luck

Annie Duke received an NSF Fellowship to attend graduate school at the University of Pennsylvania to study cognitive psychology. After getting her master’s, she was going to try to find a teaching position but was unable to do so due to a stomach ailment. Her illness required her to stay in the hospital for nearly a year.

While a patient, she decided to try to make some money by playing poker. That could pass the time until the next academic hiring season. However, she discovered that she had a real knack for poker. So, she decided to become a professional poker player. In 2004, she won her first World Series of Poker bracelet, and that same year she won the US$2 million winner-take-all WSOP Tournament of Champions. And in 2010, she won the NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship, beating her mentor Erik Seidel in the final event.

Annie Duke published a book, Thinking in Bets: Making Smarter Decisions When You Don’t Have All the Facts, to describe how she makes decisions under uncertain situations.

She believes that our lives are more like poker than chess. We usually need to make decisions under limited information:

“Job and relocation decisions are bets. Sales negotiations and contracts are bets. Buying a house is a bet. Ordering the chicken instead of the steak is a bet. Everything is a bet.”

Of course, we should always strive to make good decisions, but sometimes, even when we make poor decisions, we get good results. And, of course, the opposite happens, too. We make the right decisions given the facts at hand, but something unforeseen happens and causes our decisions to go bad.

There are many people who attribute their success to working hard instead of luck. Although many wealthy business people publicly claim that their success is due to luck in an attempt to appear humble, in their hearts, they really believe that their success is due to their hard work. And maybe they did work hard, but they often overlook the often crucial element of luck. However, Annie Duke says in her book that luck is always a factor, whether we acknowledge it or not:

“Thinking in bets starts with recognizing that there are exactly two things that determine how our lives turn out: the quality of our decisions and luck. Learning to recognize the difference between the two is what thinking in bets is all about.”

When we get a good result, we should try to determine whether the good result was due to making good decisions or due to luck. If we don’t correctly distinguish between luck and making good decisions, we will likely misunderstand why we succeeded. So, we won’t make the proper conclusion from this successful experience, which will likely mislead us in our future decisions. And that’s a big danger. But doing so is not so natural. We basically have to force ourselves to examine whether our success was due to luck rather than our effort.

Of course, just as success may be due to good luck, failure may be due to bad luck. But we usually naturally look for reasons to explain our failures, so that’s usually not a problem. That is why I say that we should force ourselves to examine our successes to see what part of those successes was due to our efforts and what part was due to luck. Personally, I think it’s good to assume that at least a portion of our success is due to luck. That’s a good working assumption or starting point when doing such analysis. That is, the question is not whether luck was involved (it was) but how much luck was involved.